In a judgement bias test, an animal is typically trained to discriminate between two different stimuli, one predicting a positive outcome and the other a less positive or negative one. Īmong tests probing such cognitive biases, the most commonly used type is a decision making paradigm which uses judgement biases to infer animals’ affective state. Thus, based on evidence that cognitive processes such as attention, judgement and memory are biased by the valence of an individual’s affective state, measures of cognitive bias have recently been implemented as proxy measures of affective valence in the study of animal welfare. Instead, valence of affective state appears to be more closely related to changes in cognitive processing. intensity), they do not necessarily provide unambiguous information about the valence of an affective state (i.e. While these measures are generally good indicators of arousal (i.e. While this test needs further validation, our results indicate that it may allow the assessment of affective state in mice with minimal training-a major confound in current cognitive bias paradigms.Īssessment of the subjective component of animal welfare has mostly relied on physiological and behavioural measures. Mice with higher levels of stereotypic behaviour spent more time in positive arms and avoided ambiguous arms, displaying a negative cognitive bias. Furthermore, we examined whether maze exploration is affected by the expression of stereotypic behaviour in the home cage. We were unable to validate this test, as mice from both handling groups displayed a similar pattern of exploration. After six days of training, the mice were also given access to the four previously unavailable intermediate ambiguous arms of the radial maze and tested for cognitive bias. The mice were then trained in an eight arm radial maze, where two adjacent arms predicted a positive outcome (darkness and food), while the two opposite arms predicted a negative outcome (no food, white noise and light). We handled 28 female CD-1 mice for 16 weeks using either tail handling or cupped handling. Therefore, we hypothesised that tail handled mice would display a negative cognitive bias. The aim of the study was to validate an exploration based cognitive bias test, using two different handling methods, as previous studies have shown that standard tail handling of mice increases physiological and behavioural measures of anxiety compared to cupped handling. Most of these tests however, require long discrimination training. These tests assume that affective state influences cognitive processing, and that animals in a negative affective state interpret ambiguous information as expecting a negative outcome (displaying a negative cognitive bias). If you're unfamiliar with the animal-friendly beauty market and don't know where to begin - or if you're simply looking for new cruelty-free makeup brands to shop - we've got you covered with this list.Behavioural tests to assess affective states are widely used in human research and have recently been extended to animals. What's more, you have both drugstore and prestige products to choose from, so whether you're on a budget or big into splurging, there's a whole slew of excellent cruelty-free picks that will meet your makeup, skin-care, and hair-care goals. Many of the options come shelfie-ready, with uncompromised formulas suited for folks with all different beauty needs. Luckily, for us consumers, the cruelty-free beauty selection just keeps growing. "This is not to be confused with 'vegan' which means the product does not contain any animal by-products." For chemists specifically, Lam-Phaure says that each ingredient needs to be accompanied by some sort of documentation that confirms the no-animal-testing component - in order to be certified as "cruelty-free." "In the world of cosmetics, 'cruelty-free' generally means that products were developed without any testing performed on animals," she explains. So, what exactly does "cruelty-free" mean in this day and age? Laura Lam-Phaure, a cosmetic chemist based in Los Angeles, breaks it down for us. It's finally becoming the standard, thanks to more people migrating to vegan and plant-based lifestyles and, thereby, demanding animal-friendly options in their beauty products, too. In fact, finding products that haven't been tested on our furry friends has never been easier, with both indie and big-name brands like CoverGirl, Milk Makeup, Hourglass, and more all pledging the cruelty-free promise. Attention, animal lovers: Your options for cruelty-free makeup brands in the beauty space have grown considerably in the past decade.
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